What is In Vitro Fertilization? (IVF)

    In vitro fertilization is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) states that there are 5 steps to the process as a whole:

Step 1: Fertility medications are prescribed to stimulate egg production. Multiple eggs are desired because some eggs will not develop or fertilize after retrieval. A transvaginal ultrasound is used to examine the ovaries, and blood test samples are taken to check hormone levels.

Step 2: Eggs are retrieved through a minor surgical procedure that uses ultrasound imaging to guide a hollow needle through the pelvic cavity to remove the eggs. Medication is provided to reduce and remove potential discomfort. 

Step 3: The male is asked to produce a sample of sperm, which is prepared for combining with the eggs.

Step 4: In a process called insemination, the sperm and eggs are mixed together and stored in a laboratory dish to encourage fertilization. In some cases where there is a lower probability of fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used. Through this procedure, a single sperm is injected directly into the egg in an attempt to achieve fertilization. The eggs are monitored to confirm that fertilization and cell division are taking place. Once this occurs, the fertilized eggs are considered embryos. 

Step 5: The embryos are usually transferred into the woman’s uterus three to five days following egg retrieval and fertilization. A catheter or small tube is inserted into the uterus to transfer the embryos. This procedure is painless for most women, although some may experience mild cramping. If the procedure is successful, implantation typically occurs around six to ten days following egg retrieval.

The overall fertility rate for patients is dependant on several factors, such as age and lifestyle factors. Estimated live birth rates as calculated by the ASRM are as follows:

• 41-43% for women under age 35

• 33-36% for women ages 35 to 37

• 23-27% for women ages 38 to 40

• 13-18% for women ages over 40

More more information, please visit  Reproductive Facts.org, powered by the Association for Reproductive Medicine. This is also the site where all previous data listed was compiled.